Fluid Mechanics
The study of fluids - liquids and gases. Involving velocity, pressure, density and temperature as functions of space and time.
Related Documents
Absolute or Dynamic Viscosity Online Converter
Convert between dynamic or absolute viscosity units - Poiseuille, Poise, centPoise and more.
Acetone - Density and Specific Weight
Online calculator, figures and tables showing density and specific weight of acetone at temperatures ranging from -95 to 275 °C (-138 to 530 °F) at atmospheric and higher pressure - Imperial and SI Units.
Acetone - Thermophysical Properties
Chemical, physical and thermal properties of acetone, also called 2-propanone, dimethyl ketone and pyroacetic acid. Phase diagram included.
Air - Composition and Molecular Weight
Dry air is a mechanical mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, argon and several other gases in minor amounts.
Air - Diffusion Coefficients of Gases in Excess of Air
Diffusion coefficients (D12) for gases in large excess of air at temperatures ranging 0 - 400 °C.
Air - Prandtl Number
Prandtl number for air vs. temperature and pressure.
Air - Properties at Gas-Liquid Equilibrium Conditions
Properties of air change along the boiling and condensation curves (temperature and pressure between triple point and critical point conditions). An air phase diagram included.
Air - Specific Heat vs. Pressure at Constant Temperature
Figures and tables with isobaric (Cp) and isochoric (Cv) specific heat of air at constant temperature and pressure ranging 0.01 to 10000 bara.
Air - Thermal Diffusivity vs. Temperature and Pressure
Figures and tables withdry air thermal diffusivity vs. temperarure and pressure. SI and Imperial units.
Air Density, Specific Weight, and Thermal Expansion Coefficients at Varying Temperatures and Pressures
Online calculator, figures and tables showing density, specific weight and thermal expansion coefficients of air at temperatures ranging -100 to 1600 °C (-140 to 2900 °F) at atmospheric and higher pressure - Imperial and SI Units.
Air Duct Components - Minor Dynamic Loss Coefficients
Minor loss (pressure or head loss) coefficients for air duct components.
Air Properties - Thermal Conductivity vs. Temperature and Pressure Charts and Calculator
Online calculator with figures and tables showing air thermal conductivity vs. temperature and pressure. SI and imperial units.
Air Properties: Temperature, Pressure & Density Data
Air density at pressure ranging 1 to 10 000 bara (14.5 - 145000 psi) and constant selected temperatures.
Ammonia - Prandtl Number vs. Temperature and Pressure
Figures and table with changes in Prandtl number for ammonia with changes in temperature and pressure.
Ammonia - Properties at Gas-Liquid Equilibrium Conditions
Figures and tables showing how the properties of liquid and gaseous ammonia changes along the boiling/condensation curve (temperature and pressure between triple point and critical point conditions). An ammonia phase diagram are included.
Ammonia - Thermal Conductivity vs. Temperature and Pressure
Online calculator, figures and tables showing thermal conductivity of liquid and gaseous ammonia at temperatures ranging -70 to 425 °C (-100 to 800 °F) at atmospheric and higher pressure - Imperial and SI Units.
Ammonia - Thermophysical Properties
Chemical, Physical and Thermal Properties of Ammonia. Phase diagram included.
Ammonia Gas - Density vs. Temperature and Pressure
Online calculator with figures and tables showing density and specific weight of ammonia for temperatures ranging -50 to 425 °C (-50 to 800 °F) at atmospheric and higher pressure - Imperial and SI Units.
Archimedes' Law
Forces acting on bodies submerged in fluids.
Baume's Hydrometer
Liquid density with Degree Baume vs. Specific Gravity.
Benzene - Density and Specific Weight vs. Temperature and Pressure
Online calculator, figures and table showing density and specific weight of benzene, C6H6, at temperatures ranging from 5 to 325 °C (42 to 620 °F) at atmospheric and higher pressure - Imperial and SI Units.
Benzene - Thermophysical properties
Chemical, physical and thermal properties of benzene, also called benzol. Phase diagram included.
Bernoulli Equation
Conservation of energy in a non-viscous, incompressible fluid at steady flow.
Buoyancy
Buoyancy is the resultant force acting on a submerged body.
Butane - Density and Specific Weight vs. Temperature and Pressure
Online calculators, figures and tables showing density and specific weight of liquid and gaseous butane, C4H10, at varying temperarure and pressure, SI and Imperial units.
Butane - Dynamic and Kinematic Viscosity vs. Temperature and Pressure
Online calculators, figures and tables with dynamic and kinematic viscosity of liquid and gaseous butane, C4H10, at varying temperarure and pressure, SI and Imperial units.
Butane - Thermal Conductivity vs. Temperature and Pressure
Online calculators, figures and tables showing thermal conductivity of liquid and gaseous butane, C4H10, at varying temperature and pressure, SI and Imperial units.
Capillarity
Capillarity - or capillary action - is the ability of a narrow tube to draw a liquid upwards against the force of gravity.
Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) Properties & Characteristics: Density, Thermal Data & More
Chemical, physical and thermal properties of carbon dioxide. Phase diagram included.
Carbon Dioxide - Dynamic and Kinematic Viscosity vs. Temperature and Pressure
Online calculator, figures and table showing dynamic and kinematic viscosity of carbon dioxide, CO2, at varying temperature and pressure - Imperial and SI Units.
Carbon dioxide - Prandtl Number vs. Temperature and Pressure
Figures and table with changes in Prandtl number for carbon dioxide with changes in temperature and pressure.
Carbon dioxide - Thermal Conductivity vs. Temperature and Pressure
Online calculator, figures and table showing thermal conductivity of carbon dioxide, CO2, at temperatures ranging from -50 to 775 °C (-50 to 1400 °F) at atmospheric and higher pressure - Imperial and SI Units.
Carbon Dioxide Concentration in Rooms Occupied with People
Carbon dioxide concentration in a room may indicate air quality and ventilation system efficiency.
Cauchy Number
Introduction to the Cauchy Number.
Cavitation Number
An introduction and definition of the Cavitation Number.
Chezys Conduit Flow Equation
Calculating volume flow and velcity in open conduits.
Colebrook Equation
Friction loss coefficients in pipes, tubes and ducts.
Compressible Gas Flow - Entropy
Calculating the entropy in a compressible gas flow.
Compression and Expansion of Gases
Isothermal and isentropic gas compression and expansion processes.
Darcy-Weisbach Equation: Flow Resistance & Pressure Loss Calculator
The Darcy-Weisbach equation can be used to calculate the major pressure and head loss due to friction in ducts, pipes or tubes.
Density, Specific Weight, and Specific Gravity – Definitions & Calculator
The difference between density, specific weight, and specific gravity. Including formulas, definitions, and reference values for common substances.
Dynamic (Absolute) Viscosity - Converting Chart
Convert dynamic viscosity values between units like Poiseuille - Poise - centiPoise and more.
Dynamic Pressure
Dynamic pressure is the kinetic energy per unit volume of a fluid in movement.
Energy and Hydraulic Grade Line
The hydraulic grade line and the energy line are graphical presentations of the Bernoulli equation.
Energy Equation - Pressure Loss vs. Head Loss
Calculate pressure loss - or head loss - in ducts, pipes or tubes.
Equations in Fluid Mechanics
Equations used in fluid mechanics - like Bernoulli, conservation of energy, conservation of mass, pressure, Navier-Stokes, ideal gas law, Euler equations, Laplace equations, Darcy-Weisbach Equation and more.
Equivalent Length vs. Minor Pressure Head Loss in Pipe and Duct Components
Minor pressure and head loss in pipes vs. equivalent length in tubes and duct systems.
Ethane - Density and Specific Weight vs. Temperature and Pressure
Online calculator, figures and tables showing density and specific weight of ethane, C2H6, at varying temperature and pressure - Imperial and SI Units.
Ethane - Dynamic and Kinematic Viscosity
Online calculator, figures and tables showing dynamic and kinematic viscosity of ethane, C2H6, at varying temperature and pressure - Imperial and SI Units
Ethanol - Specific Heat vs. Temperature and Pressure
Online calculators, figures and tables showing specific heat , Cp and Cv, of gasous and liquid ethanol at temperatures ranging from -25 to 325 °C (-10 to 620 °F) at atmospheric and higher pressure - Imperial and SI Units.
Ethanol - Thermophysical properties
Chemical, physical and thermal properties of ethanol (also called alcohol or ethyl alcohol). Phase diagram included.
Ethylene - Density and Specific Weight vs. Temperature and Pressure
Online calculator, figures and tables showing density and specific weight of ethylene, C2H4, at varying temperature and pressure - Imperial and SI Units.
Ethylene - Dynamic and Kinematic Viscosity vs. Temperature and Pressure
Online calculator, figures and tables showing dynamic and kinematic viscosity of ethylene, C2H4, also called ethene or acetene, at varying temperature and pressure - Imperial and SI Units.
Ethylene - Thermophysical Properties
Chemical, physical and thermal properties of ethylene, also called ethene, acetene and olefiant gas. Phase diagram included.
Euler Number
Introduction to the Euler Number used in fluid mechanics.
Flow Section Channels - Geometric Relationships
Geometric relationships like area, wetted perimeter and hydraulic diameter.
Fluid Flow - Entrance Length and Developed Flow
The entrance length is the length in a tube or duct after an obstruction - until the flow velocity profile is fully developed.
Fluid Flow - Equivalent Diameter
Convert rectangular and oval duct geometry to a equivalent circular diameter - online calculator with imperial and SI-units.
Fluid Flow - Euler Equations
The behavior of ideal compressible gas can be described with Euler equations.
Fluid Mechanics - Imperial and SI Units vs. Dimensions
Imperial (USCS) and SI dimensions and units terminology in fluid mechanics.
Friction Flow Coeficients from Moody Diagram
Online Moody friction flow factor calculator - as used in the Darcy-Weisbach major loss equation.
Froude Number
Introduction to the Froude Number.
Gas Mixtures - Properties
Gas mixtures and the ideal gas law, mass calculations, the individual gas constant and density.
Gases - Ratios of Specific Heat
Ratios of specific heat for gases with constant pressure and volume processes.
Hazen-Williams Friction Loss Coefficients: Data & Reference Guide
Hazen-Williams friction loss coefficients for commonly used piping materials.
Hazen-Williams Water Flow Formula: Head Loss, Data, Charts & Calculator
Friction head loss (ftH2O per 100 ft pipe) in water pipes can be estimated with the empirical Hazen-Williams equation.
Hot Water Heating Systems - Pressure Loss in Steel Pipes
Pressure loss nomogram for hot water steel pipes.
Hydraulic Force and Pascal's Law
Pascal's law and the hydraulic force acting in fluids.
Hydrocarbon Mixtures - Average Boiling Points vs. Gravity and Molecular Weights
Formulas and examples of calculation of boiling point of hydrocarbon mixtures from gravity and molecular weight.
Hydrocarbon Mixtures - Molecular Weight vs. Gravity and Average Boiling Point
Formulas and examples of calculation of average molecular weight of hydrocarbon mixtures from gravity and average boiling point, achieved from distillation data.
Hydrogen - Thermal Conductivity vs. Temperature and Pressure
Online calculator, figures and table showing thermal conductivity of hydrogen, H2, at varying temperature and pressure - Imperial and SI Units.
Hydrogen sulfide - Thermophysical Properties
Chemical, physical and thermal properties of hydrogen sulfide, H2S, also called hydrosulfuric acid, sewer gas and stink damp. Phase diagram included.
Individual & Universal Gas Constants: Definitions, Values, and Applications
The Universal and Individual Gas Constants in fluid mechanics and thermodynamics. Individual gas constants for the most common gases.
Inorganic Compounds in Water - Melting and Boiling Temperature, Density and Solubility
Physical constants for more than 280 common inorganic compounds. Density is given for the actual state at 25°C and for liquid phase at melting point temperature.
Ionic Compounds in Water - Solubility Guidelines
Guidelines or solubility rules to predict whether or not a given ionic compound is soluble in water at room temperature.
Isentropic Flow
Fluid flow with constant entropy is also called isentropic flow.
Jet Propulsion
Calculate the propulsive discharge force or thrust induced by an incompressible jet flow.
Kinematic Viscosity - Unit Converter
Convert between Centistokes, Saybolt and Redwood seconds.
Laminar Flow - Friction Coefficients
Calculate friction coefficients for laminar fluid flow.
Laminar, Transitional and Turbulent Flow
Heat transfer, pressure and head loss in a fluid varies with laminar, transitional or turbulent flow.
Laplace Equation
Important in fluid dynamics describing the behavior of gravitational and fluid potentials.
Lift and Drag
Lift and drag forces acting on a body like an air foil in a fluid flow.
Liquid Flow from Containers - Emptying Time
Calculate liquid velocity, volume flow and draining time when emptying a container.
Liquids - Densities vs. Pressure and Temperature Change
Densities and specific volume of liquids vs. pressure and temperature change.
Liquids - Dynamic Viscosities
Absolute (dynamic) viscosity values for some common fluids.
Liquids - Kinematic Viscosities
Kinematic viscosities of some common liquids like motor oil, diesel fuel, peanut oil and many more.
Mach Number
An introduction to the Mach Number.
Major Loss Online Calculator - the Darcy-Weisbach Friction Loss Equation
An online major loss calculator based on the Darcy-Weisbach friction loss equation.
Manning's Formula and Gravity Flow
Calculate cross-sectional average velocity flow in open channels.
Manning’s Roughness Coefficients for Open Channel Flow
Manning's roughness coefficients for some common materials.
Mechanical Energy Equation vs. Bernoulli Equation
The Mechanical Energy Equation compared to the Extended Bernoulli Equation.
Methane - Dynamic and Kinematic Viscosity vs. Temperature and Pressure
Online calculator, figures and tables showing dynamic and kinematic viscosity of methane, CH4, at varying temperature and pressure - Imperial and SI Units.
Methane - Density and Specific Weight vs. Temperature and Pressure
Online calculator, figures and tables showing density and specific weight of methane, CH4, at temperatures ranging from -160 to 725 °C (-260 to 1300 °F) at atmospheric and higher pressure - Imperial and SI Units.
Methane - Prandtl number vs. Temperature
Figures and table showing changes in Prandtl number for methane with changes in temperature and pressure.
Methane - Thermal Conductivity vs. Temperature and Pressure
Online calculator, figures and table showing thermal conductivity of methane, CH4, at temperatures ranging from -160 to 725 °C (-260 to 1300 °F) at atmospheric and higher pressure - Imperial and SI Units.
Methanol - Dynamic and Kinematic Viscosity vs. Temperature and Pressure
Online calculator, figures and tables showing dynamic and kinematic viscosity of liquid methanol,CH3OH, at varying temperature - Imperial and SI Units.
Methanol - Specific Heat vs. Temperature and Pressure
Online calculator, figures and tables showing isobaric and isochoric specific heat of methanol, CH3OH, at varying temperature - Imperial and SI Units.
Methanol - Thermophysical Properties
Chemical, physical and thermal properties of methanol, CH3OH (also called carbinol, wood alcohol, hydroxy methyl and methyl alcohol). Phase diagram included.
Mixing Fluids
Final mass and temperature when mixing fluids.
Mixtures, Solutions and Suspensions
Mixtures vs. solutions vs. suspensions.
Moody Diagram
Calculate fluid flow friction coefficients from a Moody diagram.
Navier-Stokes Equations
The Navier-Stokes equations are the fundamental partial differentials equations used to describe incompressible fluid flows.
Nitrogen (N₂) Density & Specific Weight: Temperature & Pressure Data and Calculator
Online calculator, figures and tables showing density and specific weight of nitrogen, N2, at temperatures ranging from -175 to 1325 °C (-280 to 2400 °F) at atmospheric and higher pressure - Imperial and SI Units.
Nitrogen - Prandtl number vs. Temperature and Pressure
Figures and tables showing Prandtl number of nitrogen at varying temperarure and pressure, SI and Imperial units.
Nitrogen - Thermal Conductivity vs. Temperature and Pressure
Online calculator, figures and tables showing thermal conductivity of nitrogen, N2, at varying temperarure and pressure, SI and Imperial units.
Nitrogen - Thermal Diffusivity vs. Temperature and Pressure
Figures and tables showing thermal diffusivity of nitrogen at varying temperarure and pressure, SI and Imperial units.
Nitrogen - Thermophysical Properties
Chemical, Physical and Thermal Properties of Nitrogen - N2.
Non-ideal gas - Van der Waal's Equation and Constants
The van der Waals constants for more than 200 gases used to correct for non-ideal behavior of gases caused by intermolecular forces and the volume occupied by the gas particles.
Oil Viscosity Converter
Convert between commonly used oil viscosity units.
Orifice, Nozzle, and Venturi Flow Meters: Principles, Calculations & Data
The orifice, nozzle and venturi flow rate meters makes the use of the Bernoulli Equation to calculate fluid flow rate using pressure difference through obstructions in the flow.
Pentane - Thermophysical Properties
Chemical, physical and thermal properties of pentane, also called n-pentane. Phase diagram included.
Petroleum Products - Average Boiling Points
Definition, explanation and examples of calculation of various types of average boiling point of petroleum products and other mixtures of hydrocarbons: VABP, MABP, WABP, CABP and MeABP.
Pipe and Duct Systems - Total Head Loss
Major and minor loss in pipes, tubes and duct systems.
Pipe and Tube System Components - Minor (Dynamic) Loss Coefficients
Minor loss coefficients for components used in pipe and tube systems.
Pipe Velocity Calculator with Flow Data & Charts
Calculate fluid velocity and volume flow in pipes and tubes.
Poiseuille's Formula
Calculate the volume flow discharged through a smooth-walled circular pipe.
Prandtl Number
A dimensionless number approximating the ratio of momentum diffusivity to thermal diffusivity.
Pressure Coefficient
The Pressure Coefficient is the ratio of pressure forces to inertial forces.
Pressure Energy
Calculate the potential of pressure energy in a incompressible fluid.
Pressure Loss in Pipes connected in Series or Parallel
Calculate pressure loss in pipes connected in series or parallel.
Pressure Units - Online Converter
Convert between pressure units like Pa, bar, atmosphere, pound square feet, psi and more.
Propane - Dynamic and Kinematic Viscosity vs. Temperature and Pressure
Online calculators, figures and tables showing dynamic and kinematic viscosity of liquid and gaseous propane at varying temperarure and pressure, SI and Imperial units.
Propane - Prandtl Number vs. Temperature and Pressure
Figures and tables with Prandtl Number of liquid and gaseous propane at varying temperarure and pressure, SI and Imperial units.
Propane - Specific Heat vs. Temperature and Pressure
Online calculators, figures and tables with specific heat, Cp and Cv, of gasous and liquid propane, C3H8 vs. temperature and pressure - Imperial and SI Units .
Propane - Thermal Conductivity vs. Temperature and Pressure
Online calculator, figures and tables showing thermal conductivity of liquid and gaseous propane at varying temperarure and pressure, SI and Imperial units.
Propane - Thermal Diffusivity vs. Temperature and Pressure
Figures and tables showing thermal diffusivity of liquid and gaseous propane at varying temperarure and pressure, SI and Imperial units.
Pumps vs. Compressors, Blowers and Fans
The difference between pumps, compressors, blowers and fans.
Solubility
The amount of a solute that can be dissolved in a solvent.
Solubility Product Constants
The equilibrium constant, Ksp, for aqueous solutions of ionic compounds at 25°C.
Specific Heat Capacity of Air: Isobaric and Isochoric Heat Capacities at Various Temperatures and Pressures
Online calculator with figures and tables showing specific heat (Cp and Cv) of dry air vs. temperature and pressure. SI and imperial units.
Static Pressure vs. Head
Static pressure vs. pressure head in fluids.
Stokes' Formula
Viscosity force acting on a smooth sphere.
Strouhal Number
Introduction to the Strouhal Number
Surface Tension
Surface tension of liquids like water, mercury, oils and more.
Technical Terms in Fluid Mechanics
Some commonly used technical terms in fluid mechanics.
The Ideal Gas Law
The relationship between volume, pressure, temperature and quantity of a gas, including definition of gas density.
Toluene - Thermophysical Properties
Chemical, physical and thermal properties of toluene, also called methylbenzene, toluol and phenylmethane. Phase diagram included.
Turbo Machines - Specific Work done by Pumps, Compressors or Fans
Calculate specific work done by pumps, fans, compressors or turbines.
U-Tube Differential Pressure Manometers
Inclined and vertical u-tube manometers used to measure differential pressure in flow meters like pitot tubes, orifices and nozzles.
Velocity Pressure Head
Dynamic pressure or velocity head.
Viscosity Converter: Convert Between Dynamic & Kinematic Viscosity
Convert between viscosity units like Centiposes, milliPascal, CentiStokes and SSU.
Viscous Liquids - Friction Loss vs. Viscosity and Flow
Friction loss in steel pipes for fluids with viscosities ranging 32 - 80000 SSU.
Water - Boiling Points at Vacuum Pressure
Online calculator, figures and tables giving the boiling temperatures of water in varying vacuum, SI and Imperial units.
Water - Dynamic and Kinematic Viscosity at Various Temperatures and Pressures
Free online calculator - figures and tables with viscosity of water at temperatures ranging 0 to 360°C (32 to 675°F) - Imperial and SI Units.
Water - Prandtl Number vs. Temperature and Pressure
Figures and tables with Prandtl Number of liquid and gaseous water at varying temperarure and pressure, SI and Imperial units.
Water - Properties at Gas-Liquid Equilibrium Conditions
Figures and tables showing how the properties of water changes along the boiling/condensation curve (vapor pressure, density, viscosity, thermal conductivity, specific heat, Prandtl number, thermal diffusivity, entropy and enthalpy).
Water - Speed of Sound vs. Temperature
Speed of sound in water at temperatures ranging 32 - 212°F (0 - 100°C) - Imperial and SI units.
Water - Thermal Diffusivity vs. Temperature and Pressure
Figures and tables with thermal diffusivity of liquids and gaseous water at varying temperarures and pressures - SI and Imperial units.
Water Flow in Tubes - Reynolds Number
Reynolds number for clean cold water flow.
Weber Number
The Weber Number may be useful when analyzing fluid flows where there is an interface between two different fluids.
Wind Energy
Available wind energy.
Wind Shear
Wind slowed down at surface by trees and obstructions.
Wind Turbine Power Calculator
Online wind turbine calculator.