Water Systems
Design of hot and cold water service and utility systems with properties, capacities, sizing of pipe lines and more.
Related Documents
Butterfly Valves - Sizing and Selection
Selecting and sizing butterfly valves for water applications.
Cold Water Dwellings - Storage Capacities
Required cold water dwelling storage capacity - commonly used fixtures and types of buildings.
Cold Water Storage per Occupant
Cold water storage for occupants in common types of buildings as factories, hospitals, houses and more
Copper Tubes - Maximum Water Velocities
Water velocity in a copper tube should not exceed certain limits to avoid erosion.
Copper Tubes - Uninsulated Heat Losses
Heat loss from uninsulated copper pipes - dimensions ranging 1/2 - 4 inches.
Domestic Hot Water Heaters - Sizing
Domestic Hot-Water sizing equations - heating capacity, recovery rate and power supply.
Domestic Service Water Supply Systems
Introduction to general design of domestic service water supply systems - with pressurized or gravity tanks.
Domestic Water Supply - Lime Deposits
Lime deposited vs. temperature and water consumption.
Farm Livestock - Animals and Water Consumption
Average daily water consumption of various farm animals, including cattle, horses, sheep, and poultry.
Fixtures - Hot Water Content
Content of hot water in some common used fixtures - basins, sinks and baths.
Fixtures Hot Water Consumption
Hot water consumption of fixtures like basins, showers, sinks and baths.
Fixtures Trap Sizes
Recommended drain trap sizes for different types of fixtures
Hot and Cold Water Pipes Sizing
Recommended dimensions hot and cold water pipes.
Hot Water Circulation System - Return Pipes
Hot water can be circulated through a return pipe if it's instantly required at the fixtures.
Hot Water Consumption vs. Occupants
Consumption of hot water per person or occupant.
Hot Water Storage Tanks - Capacities vs. Dimensions
Dimensions and capacities of hot-water storage tanks.
Hot Water Supply - Flow Rates to Fixtures
Hot water consumption of some common equipment as basins, sinks, baths and showers.
Liquid, Steam and Gas - Flow Coefficients Cv
Calculate flow coefficients for the design of control valves - Imperial units.
Open Horizontal Pipes - Discharge Length vs. Volume Flow
Discharge length vs. volume flow from water filled horizontal pipes.
Pipes - Insulated Heat Loss Diagrams
Heat loss (W/m) from 1/2 to 6 inches insulated pipes - ranging insulation thickness 10 to 80 mm and temperature differences 20 to 180 degC.
Stainless Steel Classifications
Stainless steels are commonly grouped into martensitic stainless steels, ferritic stainless steels, austenitic stainless steels, duplex (ferritic-austenitic) stainless steels, and precipitation-hardening stainless steels.
Trap Sizes vs. Fixture Units
No. of fixture units and required trap size.
Vertical Pipes - Discharge Height vs. Volume Flow
Volume flow and discharge height from vertical water pipes.
Water - Boiling Points at Vacuum Pressure
Online calculator, figures and tables giving the boiling temperatures of water in varying vacuum, SI and Imperial units.
Water - Dynamic and Kinematic Viscosity at Various Temperatures and Pressures
Free online calculator - figures and tables with viscosity of water at temperatures ranging 0 to 360°C (32 to 675°F) - Imperial and SI Units.
Water - Enthalpy and Entropy vs. Temperature
Figures and tables showing the enthalpy and entropy of liquid water as function of temperature - SI and Imperial Units.
Water - Max. Suction Flow Velocities vs. Pipe Size
Recommended max. water flow velocities on suction sides of pumps.
Water - Prandtl Number vs. Temperature and Pressure
Figures and tables with Prandtl Number of liquid and gaseous water at varying temperarure and pressure, SI and Imperial units.
Water - Properties at Gas-Liquid Equilibrium Conditions
Figures and tables showing how the properties of water changes along the boiling/condensation curve (vapor pressure, density, viscosity, thermal conductivity, specific heat, Prandtl number, thermal diffusivity, entropy and enthalpy).
Water - Specific Volume vs. Temperature
Online calculator, figures and tables showing Specific Volume of water at temperatures ranging from 0-370 °C and 32 - 700 °F - Imperial and IS Units.
Water - Thermal Diffusivity vs. Temperature and Pressure
Figures and tables with thermal diffusivity of liquids and gaseous water at varying temperarures and pressures - SI and Imperial units.
Water Consumption and Activities
Typical human activities and average water consumption
Water Distribution Pipes - Materials
Materials used in water distribution pipes.
Water Hammer
Rapidly closing or opening valves - or starting stopping pumps - may cause pressure transients in pipelines known as surge or water hammer.
Water Properties: Vaporization Heat vs. Temperature - Charts and Calculator
Online calculator, figures and tables showing heat of vaporization of water, at temperatures from 0 - 370 °C (32 - 700 °F) - SI and Imperial units.
Water Service Pipe Lines
Water service pipe lines extends from the potable water source to the interior of buildings.
Water Supply Fixture Units - WSFU vs. GPM and Liters/sec
Converting WSFU - Water Supply Fixture Units - to GPM.
Water Supply Fixture Units WSFU
WSFU is used to calculate water supply service systems.
Water Supply Lines - Sizing
Sizing water supply service and distribution lines based on Water Supply Fixture Units (WSFU).
Water Supply Pipe Lines - Sizing
Sizing of water supply pipe lines.
Water Supply Systems - Impurity Limits
Typiclal limits for impurities in drinking water.
Water Systems - Maximum Flow Velocities
Water velocities in pipes and tubes should not exceed certain limits.
Yard Fixtures - Water Consumption
Water consumption in garden fixtures.