Thermodynamics
Work, heat and energy systems.
Related Documents
1st Law of Thermodynamics
The First Law of Thermodynamics simply states that energy can be neither created nor destroyed (conservation of energy). Thus power generation processes and energy sources actually involve conversion of energy from one form to another, rather than creation of energy from nothing.
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Entropy and disorder.
Absorbed Solar Radiation
Solar radiation absorbed by various materials.
Acetone - Thermophysical Properties
Chemical, physical and thermal properties of acetone, also called 2-propanone, dimethyl ketone and pyroacetic acid. Phase diagram included.
Alternative Fuels - Properties
Properties of alternative fuels like biodiesel, E85, CNG and more.
Aluminum - Radiation Heat Emissivity
Radiation heat emissivity of unoxidized, oxidized and polished aluminum.
Ammonia - Prandtl Number vs. Temperature and Pressure
Figures and table with changes in Prandtl number for ammonia with changes in temperature and pressure.
Ammonia - Properties at Gas-Liquid Equilibrium Conditions
Figures and tables showing how the properties of liquid and gaseous ammonia changes along the boiling/condensation curve (temperature and pressure between triple point and critical point conditions). An ammonia phase diagram are included.
Ammonia - Thermal Conductivity vs. Temperature and Pressure
Online calculator, figures and tables showing thermal conductivity of liquid and gaseous ammonia at temperatures ranging -70 to 425 °C (-100 to 800 °F) at atmospheric and higher pressure - Imperial and SI Units.
Ammonia - Thermophysical Properties
Chemical, Physical and Thermal Properties of Ammonia. Phase diagram included.
Ammonia Gas - Density vs. Temperature and Pressure
Online calculator with figures and tables showing density and specific weight of ammonia for temperatures ranging -50 to 425 °C (-50 to 800 °F) at atmospheric and higher pressure - Imperial and SI Units.
Benzene - Density and Specific Weight vs. Temperature and Pressure
Online calculator, figures and table showing density and specific weight of benzene, C6H6, at temperatures ranging from 5 to 325 °C (42 to 620 °F) at atmospheric and higher pressure - Imperial and SI Units.
Benzene - Thermophysical properties
Chemical, physical and thermal properties of benzene, also called benzol. Phase diagram included.
Building Materials - Radiation Constants
The radiation constant is the product between the Stefan-Boltzmann constant and the emissivity constant for a material.
Butane - Density and Specific Weight vs. Temperature and Pressure
Online calculators, figures and tables showing density and specific weight of liquid and gaseous butane, C4H10, at varying temperarure and pressure, SI and Imperial units.
Butane - Dynamic and Kinematic Viscosity vs. Temperature and Pressure
Online calculators, figures and tables with dynamic and kinematic viscosity of liquid and gaseous butane, C4H10, at varying temperarure and pressure, SI and Imperial units.
Butane - Thermal Conductivity vs. Temperature and Pressure
Online calculators, figures and tables showing thermal conductivity of liquid and gaseous butane, C4H10, at varying temperature and pressure, SI and Imperial units.
Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) Properties & Characteristics: Density, Thermal Data & More
Chemical, physical and thermal properties of carbon dioxide. Phase diagram included.
Carbon Dioxide - Dynamic and Kinematic Viscosity vs. Temperature and Pressure
Online calculator, figures and table showing dynamic and kinematic viscosity of carbon dioxide, CO2, at varying temperature and pressure - Imperial and SI Units.
Carbon dioxide - Prandtl Number vs. Temperature and Pressure
Figures and table with changes in Prandtl number for carbon dioxide with changes in temperature and pressure.
Carbon dioxide - Thermal Conductivity vs. Temperature and Pressure
Online calculator, figures and table showing thermal conductivity of carbon dioxide, CO2, at temperatures ranging from -50 to 775 °C (-50 to 1400 °F) at atmospheric and higher pressure - Imperial and SI Units.
Combustion Heat
Heat of combustion (energy content) for som common substances - with examples how to calculate heat of combustion.
Comprehensive Guide to Temperature Scales and Conversion
Introduction to temperature - including Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin and Rankine definitions - and an online temperature converter.
Conductive Heat Transfer
Conductive heat transfer takes place in a solid if there is a temperature gradient.
Cooling Mode - Heat Flux
Heat fluxes for various cooling or heat transfer modes.
Critical Points for some Substances
Critical points of some common substances like air, argon, helium and more
Dowtherm A
Physical properties of Dowtherm A.
Efficiency
Efficiency is the ratio useful energy output to energy input.
Emissivity Coefficients of Common Materials: Data & Reference Guide
The radiation heat transfer emissivity coefficients for some common materials like aluminum, brass, glass and many more.
Energy
Energy is the capacity to do work.
Energy Conversion Factors
Convert between energy units
Energy Storage Density
Energy density - by weight and volume - for some ways to store energy
Energy Transfer Equation
Fluid energy transfer.
Ethane - Density and Specific Weight vs. Temperature and Pressure
Online calculator, figures and tables showing density and specific weight of ethane, C2H6, at varying temperature and pressure - Imperial and SI Units.
Ethane - Dynamic and Kinematic Viscosity
Online calculator, figures and tables showing dynamic and kinematic viscosity of ethane, C2H6, at varying temperature and pressure - Imperial and SI Units
Ethanol - Specific Heat vs. Temperature and Pressure
Online calculators, figures and tables showing specific heat , Cp and Cv, of gasous and liquid ethanol at temperatures ranging from -25 to 325 °C (-10 to 620 °F) at atmospheric and higher pressure - Imperial and SI Units.
Ethanol - Thermophysical properties
Chemical, physical and thermal properties of ethanol (also called alcohol or ethyl alcohol). Phase diagram included.
Ethylene - Density and Specific Weight vs. Temperature and Pressure
Online calculator, figures and tables showing density and specific weight of ethylene, C2H4, at varying temperature and pressure - Imperial and SI Units.
Ethylene - Dynamic and Kinematic Viscosity vs. Temperature and Pressure
Online calculator, figures and tables showing dynamic and kinematic viscosity of ethylene, C2H4, also called ethene or acetene, at varying temperature and pressure - Imperial and SI Units.
Ethylene - Thermophysical Properties
Chemical, physical and thermal properties of ethylene, also called ethene, acetene and olefiant gas. Phase diagram included.
Food and Foodstuff - Specific Heat
Specific heat of common food and foodstuff like apples, bass, beef, pork and many more.
Freezing Mixtures and Cooling Agents
Freezing mixtures, cooling agents and freezing points.
Gases - Specific Heat and Individual Gas Constants
Specific heat at constant volume, specific heat at constant pressure, specific heat ratio and individual gas constant - R - common gases as argon, air, ether, nitrogen and many more.
Heat Exchanger Materials - Thermal Conductivities
Typical heat exchanger materials and their thermal conductivities.
Heat Exchangers - Fouling and Reduced Heat Transfer
Heat-transfer in heat exchangers are reduced by fouling.
Heat Exchangers - Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients
Overall heat transfer coefficients in common heat exchanger designs - tubular, plate or spiral.
Heat Transfer Coefficients in Heat Exchanger Surface Combinations
Average overall heat transmission coefficients for fluid and surface combinations like Water to Air, Water to Water, Air to Air, Steam to Water and more.
Heat, Work and Energy
Heat vs. work vs. energy.
Heating Up Applications - Energy Required and Heat Transfer Rates
Energy required to heat up a substance.
High and Low Heat Values
The gross (high) and net (low) heating values.
Hydrogen - Thermal Conductivity vs. Temperature and Pressure
Online calculator, figures and table showing thermal conductivity of hydrogen, H2, at varying temperature and pressure - Imperial and SI Units.
Hydrogen sulfide - Thermophysical Properties
Chemical, physical and thermal properties of hydrogen sulfide, H2S, also called hydrosulfuric acid, sewer gas and stink damp. Phase diagram included.
Latent Heat of Melting common Materials
Latent heat of fusion when changing between solid or liquid state for common materials like aluminum, ammonia, glycerin, water and more.
Linear Thermal Expansion Coefficients of Materials
Linear thermal expansion coefficients of common materials, including metals, plastics, and composites.
Liquids - Densities vs. Pressure and Temperature Change
Densities and specific volume of liquids vs. pressure and temperature change.
Liquids - Freezing and Melting Points
Common fluids and their freezing and melting points.
Liquids - Thermal Conductivities
Some fluids and their thermal conductivities.
Liquids - Volumetric Expansion Coefficients
Volumetric - or cubical - expansion coefficients for common liquids.
Metals - Specific Heats
Specific heat of commonly used metals like aluminum, iron, mercury and many more - imperial and SI units.
Methane - Dynamic and Kinematic Viscosity vs. Temperature and Pressure
Online calculator, figures and tables showing dynamic and kinematic viscosity of methane, CH4, at varying temperature and pressure - Imperial and SI Units.
Methane - Density and Specific Weight vs. Temperature and Pressure
Online calculator, figures and tables showing density and specific weight of methane, CH4, at temperatures ranging from -160 to 725 °C (-260 to 1300 °F) at atmospheric and higher pressure - Imperial and SI Units.
Methane - Prandtl number vs. Temperature
Figures and table showing changes in Prandtl number for methane with changes in temperature and pressure.
Methane - Thermal Conductivity vs. Temperature and Pressure
Online calculator, figures and table showing thermal conductivity of methane, CH4, at temperatures ranging from -160 to 725 °C (-260 to 1300 °F) at atmospheric and higher pressure - Imperial and SI Units.
Methanol - Dynamic and Kinematic Viscosity vs. Temperature and Pressure
Online calculator, figures and tables showing dynamic and kinematic viscosity of liquid methanol,CH3OH, at varying temperature - Imperial and SI Units.
Methanol - Specific Heat vs. Temperature and Pressure
Online calculator, figures and tables showing isobaric and isochoric specific heat of methanol, CH3OH, at varying temperature - Imperial and SI Units.
Methanol - Thermophysical Properties
Chemical, physical and thermal properties of methanol, CH3OH (also called carbinol, wood alcohol, hydroxy methyl and methyl alcohol). Phase diagram included.
Mixing Liquids and/or Solids - Final Temperatures
Calculate the final temperature when liquids or solids are mixed
Mollier Chart for Water - Imperial Units
Mollier chart for water in English Units.
Mollier Chart for Water - Metric Units
Mollier chart for water in Metric Units.
Nitrogen (N₂) Density & Specific Weight: Temperature & Pressure Data and Calculator
Online calculator, figures and tables showing density and specific weight of nitrogen, N2, at temperatures ranging from -175 to 1325 °C (-280 to 2400 °F) at atmospheric and higher pressure - Imperial and SI Units.
Nitrogen - Enthalpy, Internal Energy and Entropy vs. Temperature
Enthalpy, internal energy and entropy of Nitrogen as an ideal gas.
Nitrogen - Prandtl number vs. Temperature and Pressure
Figures and tables showing Prandtl number of nitrogen at varying temperarure and pressure, SI and Imperial units.
Nitrogen - Thermal Conductivity vs. Temperature and Pressure
Online calculator, figures and tables showing thermal conductivity of nitrogen, N2, at varying temperarure and pressure, SI and Imperial units.
Nitrogen - Thermal Diffusivity vs. Temperature and Pressure
Figures and tables showing thermal diffusivity of nitrogen at varying temperarure and pressure, SI and Imperial units.
Nitrogen - Thermophysical Properties
Chemical, Physical and Thermal Properties of Nitrogen - N2.
Pentane - Thermophysical Properties
Chemical, physical and thermal properties of pentane, also called n-pentane. Phase diagram included.
Power Plants - Performance Efficiencies
Power plants heat rates, thermal efficiencies, capacity factors, load factors, economic efficiencies, operational efficiencies and energy efficiencies.
Propane - Dynamic and Kinematic Viscosity vs. Temperature and Pressure
Online calculators, figures and tables showing dynamic and kinematic viscosity of liquid and gaseous propane at varying temperarure and pressure, SI and Imperial units.
Propane - Prandtl Number vs. Temperature and Pressure
Figures and tables with Prandtl Number of liquid and gaseous propane at varying temperarure and pressure, SI and Imperial units.
Propane - Specific Heat vs. Temperature and Pressure
Online calculators, figures and tables with specific heat, Cp and Cv, of gasous and liquid propane, C3H8 vs. temperature and pressure - Imperial and SI Units .
Propane - Thermal Conductivity vs. Temperature and Pressure
Online calculator, figures and tables showing thermal conductivity of liquid and gaseous propane at varying temperarure and pressure, SI and Imperial units.
Propane - Thermal Diffusivity vs. Temperature and Pressure
Figures and tables showing thermal diffusivity of liquid and gaseous propane at varying temperarure and pressure, SI and Imperial units.
Property vs. State
The concept of properties and state.
Radiation - Surface Emissivity Coefficients
Radiation emissivity of common materials like water, ice, snow, grass and more.
Rankine Efficiency
The efficiency of the Rankine cycle.
Salt Hydrates - Melting points and Latent Melting Energy
Melting points and latent energy of salt hydrates.
Solids - Specific Heats
Common solids - like brick, cement, glass and many more - and their specific heats - in Imperial and SI units.
Solids - Volume Temperature Expansion Coefficients
Cubical expansion coefficients for solids.
Specific Heat of Common Liquids and Fluids
Specific heats for some common liquids and fluids - acetone, oil, paraffin, water and many more.
Specific Heat of Common Materials – Engineering Reference
Specific heat of products like wet mud, granite, sandy clay, quartz sand and more.
Standard enthalpy of formation, Gibbs energy of formation, entropy and molar heat capacity of organic substances
The standard enthalpy of formation, Gibbs energy of formation, entropy and molar heat capacity are tabulated for more than hundred organic substances.
Standard State and Enthalpy of Formation, Gibbs Free Energy of Formation, Entropy and Heat Capacity
Definition and explanation of the terms standard state and standard enthalpy of formation, with listing of values for standard enthalpy and Gibbs free energy of formation, as well as standard entropy and molar heat capacity, of 370 inorganic compounds.
Standardized Enthalpies and Entropies
Standardized enthalpies and entropies for some common substances.
Storing Thermal Heat
Energy stored as sensible heat in different types of materials.
Surface Radiation Absorptivity
Radiation surface absorptivity.
Symbols Used to Denote a Chemical Reactions and Process or Condition
Explanation of symbols used as subscripts or superscripts to tell more about the type of chemical reaction, process or condition.
Thermal Conductivity - Online Converter
Convert between thermal conductivity units.
Thermal Conductivity Units Converter
Convert between thermal conductivity units - table and diagram.
Thermal Expansion - Superficial i.e. Area
Superficial i.e area temperature expansion - online calculator.
Thermal Resistivity and Conductivity
The ability of a material to resist flow of heat.
Thermal Transmittance vs. Thermal Resistance
The thermal transmittance U vs. the thermal resistance R.
Thermodynamic Key Values Internationally Agreed
Internationally agreed, internally consistent, values for the thermodynamic properties (standard enthalpy of formation, entropy and [H°(298)-H°(0)]) of key chemical substances.
Thermodynamic Terms - Functions and Relations
Common thermodynamic terms and functions - potential energy, kinetic energy, thermal or internal energy, chemical energy, nuclear energy and more.
Third Law of Thermodynamics
The entropy of a substance is zero if the absolute temperature is zero.
Toluene - Thermophysical Properties
Chemical, physical and thermal properties of toluene, also called methylbenzene, toluol and phenylmethane. Phase diagram included.
Understanding Convective Heat Transfer: Coefficients, Formulas & Examples
Heat transfer between a solid and a moving fluid is called convection. This is a short tutorial about convective heat transfer.
Units of Heat - BTU, Calorie and Joule
The most common units of heat BTU - British Thermal Unit, Calorie and Joule.
WABT - Weighted Average Bed Temperature
Definition and examples of calculation of weighted average bed temperature in adiabatic reactors.
Water - Boiling Points at Vacuum Pressure
Online calculator, figures and tables giving the boiling temperatures of water in varying vacuum, SI and Imperial units.
Water - Enthalpy and Entropy vs. Temperature
Figures and tables showing the enthalpy and entropy of liquid water as function of temperature - SI and Imperial Units.
Water - Prandtl Number vs. Temperature and Pressure
Figures and tables with Prandtl Number of liquid and gaseous water at varying temperarure and pressure, SI and Imperial units.
Water - Properties at Gas-Liquid Equilibrium Conditions
Figures and tables showing how the properties of water changes along the boiling/condensation curve (vapor pressure, density, viscosity, thermal conductivity, specific heat, Prandtl number, thermal diffusivity, entropy and enthalpy).
Water - Thermal Diffusivity vs. Temperature and Pressure
Figures and tables with thermal diffusivity of liquids and gaseous water at varying temperarures and pressures - SI and Imperial units.
Water Properties: Vaporization Heat vs. Temperature - Charts and Calculator
Online calculator, figures and tables showing heat of vaporization of water, at temperatures from 0 - 370 °C (32 - 700 °F) - SI and Imperial units.
Work done by Force
Work done by a force acting on an object.
Zeroth Law of Temperature
The direction of heat flow.