Water Thermal Properties – Density, Heat Capacity, and Conductivity

Thermodynamic properties of water:

• Boiling temperature (at 101.325 kPa):     99.974 °C = 211.953 °F
• Bulk modulus elasticity :                            2.15×10⁹ Pa or N/m²
• Critical temperature :                                 373.946 °C = 705.103 °F
• Critical pressure :                                      217.7 atm = 220.6 bar = 22.06 MPa (MN/m²) = 3200 psi (=lb_f/in²)
• Critical density:                                         0.322 g/cm³ = 0.62478 slug/ft³ = 20.1018 lb_m/ft³
• Ionization constant, pKw (at 25°C):          13.995
• Latent heat of melting:                             334 kJ/kg = 144 Btu(IT)/lb
• Latent heat of evaporation(at 100°C):     40.657 kJ/mol = 2256 kJ/kg = 970 Btu(IT)/lb
• Maximum density (at 4 ^oC):                      999.975 kg/m³ = 1.9403 slug/ft³ = 8.34519 lb_m/gal(US)
• Melting temperature (at 101.325 kPa):     0 °C = 32°F
• Molar mass:                                             18.01527 g/mol
• pH (at 25°C):                                            6.9976
• Specific heat (C_p) water (at 15°C/60°F):  4.187 kJ/kgK = 1.001 Btu(IT)/(lb_m °F) or kcal/(kg K)
• Specific heat ice:                                      2.108 kJ/kgK = 0.5035 Btu(IT)/(lb_m °F) or kcal/(kg K)
• Specific heat water vapor:                        1.996 kJ/kgK =0.4767 Btu(IT)/(lb_m °F) or kcal/(kg K)
• Specific Weight (at 4 ^oC):                         9.806 kN/m³ = 62.43 lb_f/ft³
• Thermal expansion from 4 ^oC to 100 ^oC: 4.2×10^-2 (Note! - volumetric temperature expansion of water is not linear with temperature)
  
• Triple point pressure:                               0.00604 atm = 0.00612 bar = 611.657 Pa = 0.08871 psi (=lb_f/in²)
• Triple point temperature:                          0.01 °C = 32.02 °F

Follow the links below to get values for the listed properties of liquid water at varying pressure and temperature :

• Boiling points at high pressure
• Boiling points at vacuum pressure
• Density, specific weight and thermal expansion coefficient
• Dynamic and kinematic viscosity
• Enthalpy and entropy
• Heat of vaporization
• Ionization Constant, pK_w , of normal and heavy water
• Melting points at high pressure
• Prandtl number
• Properties at gas-liquid equilibrium condition
• Saturation pressure
• Specific gravity
• Specific heat (heat capacity)
• Specific volume
• Thermal conductivity
• Thermal diffusivity

For each topic, there are figures and tables showing the variations in properties with temperature. Calculators giving the properties at specified temperatures are also available. All properties are given in both SI and imperial units.

See also more about atmospheric pressure, and STP - Standard Temperature and Pressure & NTP - Normal Temperature and Pressure,
as well as Thermophysical properties of: Acetone, Acetylene, Air, Ammonia, Argon, Benzene, Butane, Carbon dioxide, Carbon monoxide, Ethane, Ethanol, Ethylene, Helium, Hydrogen, Hydrogen sulfide, Methane, Methanol, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Pentane, Propane, Toluene and Heavy water, D₂O.