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Boiler Water - Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

Impurities from the feedwater will concentrate in the boiling water.

When a boiler generates steam impurities in the feed water will concentrate in the boiler water. When the concentration of impurities becomes higher, foam is generated and the volume of the boiling water starts to increase. As a result - more and more low quality wet steam will be generated.

The concentration of impurities is often termed TDS - Total Dissolved Solids (ppm) and can be measured using a conductivity or density method.

Measuring TDS with the density method

TDS = 1.1×106 (ρ - 1)                                   (1)

where

TDS = Total Dissolved Solids (ppm)

ρ = relative density of the boiler water at 15.5 oC

This is a manual method requiring measuring a cooled down sample with a very sensitive hydrometer.

Measuring TDS with the conductivity method

TDS = 0.7 σ                                      (2)

where

σ = conductivity neutralised water (μs/cm)

This method can be used with an automatic resistance meter controlling the blow down cycles of the boiler. Note that electrolytic polarisation of the probe may be a problem and that an ac (amplitude current) resistance meter normally is used. Be also aware that the  conductivity increases with temperature.

TDS Range

Boilers are normally operated in the range 2000 - 3500 TDS.

Boiler Water - Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
TDS
(ppm)
Conductivity
Unneutralised water
(μs/cm)
Conductivity
Neutralised water
(μs/cm)
Relative Density
0 0 0 1.00000
1000 2000 1429 1.00091
2000 4000 2857 1.00182
3000 6000 4286 1.00273
4000 8000 5714 1.00364

Blow Down Rate

The boiler blow down rate depends on the

  • steam consumption (steam used in the process and not returned as condensate to the boiler)
  • concentration of impurities in the feed water
  • maximum allowable TDS in the boiler
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