Solar System Constants

Earth

• mass : 5.98 x 10 ²⁴ kg
• radius : 6.38 x 10⁶ m
• period of orbit : 365.3 days
• radius of orbit : 149 x 10⁹ m
• acceleration of gravity : 9.81 m/s²= 35 kph/s = 22 mph/s = 32 feet/s²
• escape velocity : 11.2 x 10³ m/s
• mean surface temperature : 288 K
• surface pressure : 1.014 bar

Jupiter

• mass : 1.9 x 10 ²⁷ kg
• radius : 71.5 x 10⁶ m
• acceleration of gravity : 25 m/s²
• escape velocity : 57.5 x 10³ m/s
• mean surface temperature : 163 K
• surface pressure : >> 1000 bar

Mars

• mass : 6.42 x 10 ²³ kg
• radius : 3.4 x 10⁶ m
• acceleration of gravity : 3.7 m/s²
• escape velocity : 5.1 x 10³ m/s
• mean surface temperature : 208 K
• surface pressure : 0.007 bar

Mercury

• mass : 3.3 x 10 ²³ kg
• radius : 2.44 x 10⁶ m
• acceleration of gravity : 3.7 m/s²<
• escape velocity : 4.3 x 10³ m/s
• mean surface temperature : 440 K
• surface pressure : 1 10 ^-15 bar

Moon

• mass : 7.35 x 10 ²² kg
• radius : 1.74 x 10⁶ m
• period of orbit : 27.3 days
• radius of orbit : 0.38 x 10⁹ m
• acceleration of gravity : aprox. 1/6 of acceleration of gravity on the earth ≈ 1.6 m/s²
• escape velocity : 2.4 x 10³ m/s

Neptune

• mass : 1.02 x 10 ²⁶ kg
• radius : 24.8 x 10⁶ m
• acceleration of gravity : 11 m/s²
• escape velocity : 24.4 x 10³ m/s
• mean surface temperature : 73 K

Pluto

• mass : 1.30 x 10 ²² kg
• radius : 1.18 x 10⁶ m
• acceleration of gravity : 0.62 m/s²
• mean surface temperature : 48 K

Saturn

• mass : 5.69 x 10 ²⁶ kg
• radius : 60.3 x 10⁶ m
• acceleration of gravity : 10 m/s²
• escape velocity : 35.4 x 10³ m/s
• mean surface temperature : 133 K
• surface pressure : >> 1000 bar

Sun

• mass : 1.989 x 10 ³⁰ kg
• diameter : 1390 x 10⁶ m
• mean distance from the earth to the sun : approximately 1.5 × 10 ¹¹ m, the Astronomical Unit - AU
  
• mean distance from the sun to Mars : 1.5 AU
• mean distance from the sun to Jupiter: 5.2 AU
• mean distance from the sun to Pluto: 40 AU
• distance to t he star nearest the sun Proxima Centauri: 270,000 AU
• acceleration of gravity : 270 m/s²
• escape velocity : 618 x 10³ m/s

Uranus

• mass : 8.68 x 10 ²⁵ kg
• radius : 25.6 x 10⁶ m
• acceleration of gravity : 8.9 m/s²
• escape velocity : 21.9 x 10³ m/s
• mean surface temperature : 78 K
• surface pressure : >> 1000 bar

Venus

• mass : 4.87 x 10 ²⁴ kg
• radius : 6.05 x 10⁶ m
• acceleration of gravity : 8.9 m/s²
• escape velocity : 10.3 x 10³ m/s
• mean surface temperature : 737 K
• surface pressure : 90 bar

Outside the Solar System

• mass of a neutron star : 2.8 - 6 x 10 ³⁰ kg
• mass of a black hole : > 6 x 10 ³⁰ kg
• mass of the Milky Way : 1.5 - 2 x 10 ⁴² kg
• mass of the observable university : ≈ 10 ⁵³ kg